#229
Kinetic modelling of runaway electrons in ITER disruptions with shattered pellet injection
Oral
Lorenzo Votta (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
F.J. Artola, E. Nardon, O. Vallhagen, M. Hoppe
Abstract
Tokamak disruptions are a major challenge for the safe operation of next-step fusion devices such as ITER. A key concern is the formation of relativistic runaway-electron (RE) beams, which can deposit highly localized heat loads and threaten plasma-facing components. In ITER, the baseline disruption mitigation strategy relies on the rapid delivery of large impurity quantities via shattered pellet injection (SPI). Predictive modelling of RE generation in SPI-mitigated disruptions is therefore essential, but the computational cost of high-fidelity approaches motivates reduced models that enable extensive parameter scans. A recent study [1] used the DREAM fluid-RE model [2] to investigate RE generation in realistic ITER disruptions, incorporating (i) RE scrape-off during plasma vertical displacement [3] and (ii) plasmoid-drift effects on impurity deposition during pellet ablation [4]. A major remaining uncertainty is the hot-tail RE generation,which is typically misestimated by fluid models. In this work, we improve hot-tail seed predictions in ITER-relevant SPI simulations with the DREAM code, by formulating and numerically solving an isotropic kinetic equation, which resolves the momentum-space dynamics neglected in fluid models. We introduce a local, dynamic transition between fluid and kinetic equation sets, triggered once the isotropic model assumptions are satisfied. In particular, since the isotropic formulation employs a collision operator linearized about a cold background, it is activated in regions where impurity deposition rapidly builds up the cold electron population. Building on [5], which found that the DREAM fluid hot-tail model yields larger seeds than the isotropic kinetic approach, we re-assess this result for ITER by extending the analysis to the SPI mitigated disruptions considered in [1].
[1] Votta L. et al. (2026). Submitted to Nuclear Fusion. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.22177
[2] Hoppe M. et al. (2021). Computer Physics Communications, 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108098
[3] Vallhagen O. et al. (2025a). Journal of Plasma Physics, 91(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377825000327
[4] Vallhagen O. et al. (2025b). Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 67(10).https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ae140f
[5] Ekmark I. et al. (2024). Journal of Plasma Physics, 90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377824000606